His primary concern was that the cultural glue that held society together was failing, and people were becoming more divided.
Durkheim called these elements of society “social facts.” By this, he meant that social forces were to be considered real and existed outside the individual.Īs an observer of his social world, Durkheim was not entirely satisfied with the direction of society in his day. “An act offends the common consciousness not because it is criminal, but it is criminal because it offends that consciousness” (Durkheim 1893). “A crime is a crime because we condemn it,” Durkheim wrote in 1893. That is, punishment of a crime reaffirms our moral consciousness. Even the socially deviant members of society are necessary, Durkheim argued, as punishments for deviance affirm established cultural values and norms.
Durkheim also believed that social integration, or the strength of ties that people have to their social groups, was a key factor in social life.įollowing the ideas of Comte and Spencer, Durkheim likened society to a living organism, in which each organ plays a necessary role in keeping the being alive. In his quest to understand what causes individuals to act in similar and predictable ways, he wrote, “If I do not submit to the conventions of society, if in my dress I do not conform to the customs observed in my country and in my class, the ridicule I provoke, the social isolation in which I am kept, produce, although in an attenuated form, the same effects as punishment” (Durkheim 1895). Durkheim called the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society the collective conscience. He asserted that individual behavior was not the same as collective behavior and that studying collective behavior was quite different from studying an individual’s actions. To Durkheim, society was greater than the sum of its parts.
Émile Durkheim and FunctionalismĪs a functionalist, Émile Durkheim’s (1858–1917) perspective on society stressed the necessary interconnectivity of all of its elements. Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber developed different theoretical approaches to help us understand the way societies function. While many sociologists have contributed to research on society and social interaction, three thinkers form the base of modern-day perspectives. The three major sociological paradigms differ in their perspectives on these issues. Figure 4.5 Warren Buffett’s ideas about taxation and spending habits of the very wealthy are controversial, particularly since they raise questions about America’s embedded system of class structure and social power.
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